Table 13.1 Diverse types of NPs used in the development of nanodrugs for treating kidney stones

Type

Composition

Properties

References

Organic NPs

PVP NPs

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),

poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)

methacrylamide] (pHPMA),

copolymers with PVP or

pHPMA as major components

Water and organic solvent

soluble, excellent

biocompatibility and

complexation capabilities

Due to their innate retention in

the kidneys and low level of

accumulation in other organs,

PVP NPs and their anionic

derivatives might prove

excellent drug carriers for

kidney stones.

Lee et al.

(2015)

Liposomal

NPs

Spherical lipid bilayer with an

aqueous core

Provides an effective route for

delivery of enzymatic drugs for

treatment of hyperoxaluria

Enhances enzymatic activity

and increases its stability,

reduces phagocytosis leading to

prolonged circulation half-life,

and reduces immunogenicity.

Kamaly

et al.

(2016)

Zhao et al.

(2017)

Dendrimer-

based NPs

Symmetrically branched

polymeric macromolecules

synthesized using polyamides

with a size <10 nm

Globular macromolecules with

three distinct domains, i.e., a

central core, a hyperbranched

mantle, and a corona with a

peripheral reactive functional

group.

Possess uniform size

distribution, solubility in water,

multivalency, high drug/gene-

loading ability, predictable

release profile and favorable

pharmacokinetics, which makes

them favorable for use in drug

delivery.

Lee et al.

(2015)

Longmire

et al.

(2014)

Kamaly

et al.

(2016)

Inorganic NPs

Gold NPs

Spherical-, rod-, or shell-based

colloids made from the

reduction of HAuCl4

Display a very short acting time

and reduced risk of adverse side

effects.

Kamaly

et al.

(2016)

Iron oxide

NP

Crystalline NPs of

Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3

Superparamagnetic iron oxide

stabilized with dextran-induced

iron oxide NPs

Exhibit theranostic potential

due to a high surface to volume

ratio and surface stemmed

chemical residues that allow for

chemical drug loading.

Also possess intrinsic

superparamagnetic properties

that permit magnetic targeting.

Display no toxic effect on renal

and liver functions.

Kamaly

et al.

(2016)

Upadhyay

(2017)

Mulens-

Arias et al.

(2020)

(continued)

208

G. Shruti and K. S. Singh